TB Skin Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TB Skin Testing - Essay Example Potential high hazard representatives incorporate crisis office staff, respiratory advisors, microbiology research facility laborers, and pathologists, pros in pneumonic medication and attendants in certain settings (McGowan, 1983; CDCP 1995). It is basic to control TB and for this each social insurance setting ought to have a TB contamination control plan. It is vital on the grounds that it relies upon whether patients with expected or built up TB malady may go over in the setting or whether patients with suspected or affirmed TB sickness will be moved to another social insurance setting. The TB contamination control program must incorporate managerial controls, ecological controls, and a respiratory-insurance program. These are the significant control boundaries as each area in which administrations are offered to people who have suspected or affirmed irresistible TB sickness, checking the emergency clinic settings, ought to have a TB contamination control plan. The accompanying techniques must be embraced for TB disease control program in HCWs settings: 1. ... These are the significant control boundaries as each area in which administrations are offered to people who have suspected or affirmed irresistible TB ailment, tallying the emergency clinic settings, ought to have a TB disease control plan. The accompanying techniques must be received for TB disease control program in HCWs settings: 1. Administrative duty is basic for the TB contamination control program and this ought to be given to the approved individual deputed for the equivalent. The director must be bolstered to do the hazard appraisal for tuberculosis. HCWs must be taught to take the necessary preparing and guarantee their activities toward sickness control. 2. Legitimate preparing is required to perform and authorize the TB contamination control program. 3. Atleast one individual be assigned to whom the issues must be tended to. 4. A convention must be created to get a TB contamination control plan and should be refreshed every year. 5. The issue must be assessed and brief acknowledgment be made. 6. A contact examination must be made in co-appointment with the neighborhood or state wellbeing division. 7. Actualize and keep up natural controls, including airborne contamination segregation (AII) room(s) (see Supplement, Ecological Controls in the first rule report). 8. Respiratory-assurance program must be applied. 9. Consistent preparing program must be done to keep the HCWs refreshed and all around educated. (NGC Recommendations) Criticalness: It is extremely basic to comprehend the ramifications of TB and consequently thinking about the repercussions of the contamination, PPD skin test is orchestrated on a standard premise. It is the prime obligation to the HCWs to keep a check of their records when to experience PPD skin test. The best strategy to recollect this is through the

Art, Drama, Music and Elements of Play

Workmanship, Drama, Music and Elements of Play Workmanship is significant. Indeed, even as grown-ups, we do appreciate taking part in various type of expressions. The craftsmanship has been related with private relaxation experience, isolated from the fundamental business of life. Expressions of the human experience are normally lively anyway we ought not relate it as ridiculous or absence of earnestness (Swanwick, 1988). Having is influence of learning and expressions can assist kids with thriving actually and inwardly (Swanwick, 1988). Expressions of the human experience are integral piece of an expansive training; expressions of the human experience when instructed well can help raise accomplishment in different territories as they are personally weaved with other learning zones (Arts in Schools Project, 1990). Dramatization falls into place without any issues for small kids and they are frequently captivating in imagine play. Kids sensational experience ought to be bolstered in school with exercises that build up the childs capacity to utilize their creative mind, body and voice. Show permits preschoolers to communicate openly and associate with others. Some sensational exercises wherein have been directed in class since the instructed module was dramatization games and pretend. The exercises directed were the Jungle game (like organic product serving of mixed greens) and freeze game. Through the exercises, the youngsters were urged to investigate the impediments and the potential outcomes of development inside a given space. The kids figured out how to impart space to other people and how to identify with others fun loving way. They investigated how space, and individuals or articles in space, can have emblematic and emotional implications (Winston and Tandy, 2009). During the timeframe, we were chipping away at the topic of creatures, in this way I utilized a portion of the games educated during the module and adjusted a bit. The youngsters were from the age go 4 to 6 years of age. There were two new youngsters who were in the class for not exactly a month. They were Chinese exile and didn't get English. One youngster was progressively timid and pulled back. He typically just communicates with the other kid who was additionally from China. Anyway during the movement, all the kids were seen taking part in the action. From the outset during Jungle game the kids were given new job which are various sorts of creatures in the wilderness. They needed to swopped places when their creatures were called; when tracker is gotten out, everybody needed to swop places. All the while, a few kids were seen thumping into one another and most just went to the couple of seats from them. Be that as it may, after a couple of rounds with the game, they had the optio n to investigate the conceivable development inside the predefined place. The youngsters had the option to investigate and share the space without thumping into one another. Indeed, even the two China young men had the option to take part in the action and professed to be the creatures by impersonating their developments as they move in the circle. With respect to the freeze game, the kids professed to be creatures moving in the wilderness, staying away from to be gotten by the tracker. It was astounded that the youngsters imitated the hints of the creatures as they moved when it was not advised to them that they needed to. It was stunning how emotional games can lead youngsters into various world demonstrating their distinctive side and imagination. Another action directed was meeting of the character in the story. During that period we were taking a shot at the subject of creatures, along these lines I utilized the story The backwoods youngster and claimed to be the tracker. The kids were truly engaged with the movement and alternated to pose inquiries. That was the first occasion when that we occupied with this sort of action hence the youngsters were energized and anxious to pose inquiries. After a few inquiries, I was astonished that the young men from China really set up their hands and posed inquiry: Why you so irate. I didn't feel that they could comprehend the movement we were participating in, not to try and state pose inquiry utilizing English language, which was an unknown dialect to them. Through this action, the youngsters could go into the universe of the story and attempt to discover arrangements. As the kids are acclimated with the movement, they alternated to be the tracker. Through the exercises, the kids figured out how to alternate by regarding others commitment, create spatial mindfulness, and investigate own body prospects through impersonating of various characters. Least props were utilized during the exercises to support more creative mind. Through innovative play, kids are trying different things with and figuring out how to deal with the center components of show, those of time, space, individuals, activity items and topic (Winston and Tandy, 2009). Dramatization is an incredible route in giving youngsters the chances to find out about themselves as well as other people. It energizes communication with one another and find out about body and spatial mindfulness. During show, kids are additionally urged to think in an unexpected way. During pretend, they can become others, upgrading the innovativeness, and urging them to consider what certain individuals may think, say, or do in a given circumstance. It permits youngsters to take cover behind a veil and to appear as something else. Music Music is a method of knowing the life of feeling (Langer as refered to in Swanwick, 1988). In our preschool setting, we didn't have a lot of chance for melodic movement during exercise time. It was as a rule during advancement programs which a few youngsters will go for their music exercises. During the module, numerous fun and important exercises were trained which could be executed into the preschool setting. The action that was led with the youngsters was making music through instruments. I made utilized of the exercises arranged with my gathering during the module introduction, which was in regards to the tale of Big Al. The kids were furnished with instruments, for example, chimes, tambourine, cymbal, maracas, drum, triangle and some other conventional instruments that were made of bamboos. The kids were given the chances to pick and play the instruments as per various feelings and situations of the story. Music was joined with dramatization work for this situation. Half of the kids in the class showcased the story while the others made impacts for the sensation utilizing the instruments. The youngsters needed to envision that they were in the story. As indicated by Swanwick (1988), little youngsters appreciate exceptionally boisterous and extremely delicate sounds and are entranced by tone and timbre and they can start to consider music to be expressive. It very well may be seen durin g the movement. The youngsters delighted in investigating the din of sound created from instrument. At the point when it was energizing circumstance, they played the music quick and boisterous, and delicate when dismal. They had the option to decide the speed of music by playing the different instruments. The kids had the option to make diverse articulation utilizing music. During the action, two more seasoned young men were seen to be driving the gathering in the difference in the music. Working in cross-age bunches empowers more youthful kids to watch and gain from increasingly experienced students, while the chance to platform the learning of more youthful kids empowers the more seasoned kids to explain their reasoning (Duffy, 1998, p.116). As indicated by Duffy (1998), kids need adequate work environment and effectively open assets in the event that they are to utilize innovative and inventive encounters. In this manner teachers ought to give more understanding to craftsmanship exercises in any event, when outside of exercises. After the module, I attempted the strategy for giving the youngsters opportunity of recording. Recorder was acquainted with the youngsters and it was set in the music corner in the study hall. Following seven days, to my astonished, I heard the voices of the two young men from China with a couple of other kids from the chronicle. From the start they said their name and started murmuring some new music (most likely self-made) with go with of the instruments. At the point when they sang stronger, the music became stronger as well. This indicated they could utilize the rhythm and elements as per the various feelings. There was articulation in the music shaped. Through the exercises, the kids could create melodic mindfulness and aptitudes as far as beat and elements. Components of play As indicated by Swanwick (1998), the three components of play critical to learning through expressions are authority, impersonation and creative play. All these three components were obvious during the usage of the exercises. For authority, the youngsters had the option to figure out how to function with others to make sensational significance and control of the instruments, keeping predictable mood. For impersonation, the youngsters had the option to manage the expressive idea of the artistic expression. They had the option to make melodic sounds that recommend various situations. Finally for creative play, the youngsters could try different things with instruments until it propose the suitable situation. The kids were additionally observed exploring different avenues regarding diverse development during sensational play. Practice persuades youngsters as training shows them how to pack which in turns drives them to acknowledge and appreciate the excellence of craftsmanship they are learning and the joys of creating work of value (Winston, 2010, p.77). In the event that we want kids to be imaginative, we ought to guarantee that all kids feel esteemed and acknowledged; accordingly kids will have a sense of safety to face challenges or commit errors (Duffy, 1998). That was clear on account of the two Chinese young men who were from the outset pulled back from the gathering and gradually got into the exercises, drawing in with the others. End As youngsters develop, it appears that a great part of the school day is taken up by center subjects; innovativeness and creative mind are regularly treated as extra or extravagance. Along these lines it is the job of the teachers in assisting with guaranteeing that the kids have chances to participate in inventive and innovative experience (Duffy, 1998). A cross-curricular methodology permits us to draw on the intrigue advertisement capability of imaginative encounters to empower learning and improvement in every aspect of the educational program. Kids should be dynamic members in their learning

Recommendation Letters - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Recommendation Letters - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Recommendation Letters We receive a number of questions at this time of year about teacher recommendations, so here is my (limited) advice on the subject. First, when figuring out who you should ask to write a letter of recommendation, try to find a teacher who knows you well, and has taught you within the last 1-2 years. UGA prefers teachers from core academic subjects, and we suggest you only have one teacher recommendation sent in. If you really feel like you need a second teacher recommendation (or one from a person outside the school such as a boss, a volunteer program coordinator, a minister, etc.), then I suggest the maximum should be one additional letter. Why do I say this? At a certain point, too much information starts to detract from our counselors being able to focus on the important items. If you have six recommendations in your file (and most of them will say similar things), we then start to spend more time shuffling through these letters than focusing on your other strengths. For us, the purpose of the recommendation letters is to learn more about you from teachers/school officials who deal with you on a day to day basis, and can give us insight into what you are like in their classrooms, their hallways, and in the life of your school. Do you sleep in class, do you work well with others on projects, are you respectful to the ideas of others, do you pay attention, etc. How you act day in and day out in a HS class can give us insight into how you will be in our classrooms and in the UGA community. A recommendation letter that just gives us information that we already know, from a students grades to activities (which are already in the file!), or holds up the applicant as the perfect student really does not help us in the review process. We are looking for insight into what the student is really like. I still remember one of the first students I worked with in a college admissions setting, Patrick F. (almost 20 years ago!). He was a great student/person from Plano, TX, back when Plano Senior HS was the only high school in the town. One of his recommendations was from a priest/volunteer-organizer who wrote a recommendation without Patrick knowing about it. In the letter, the priest was able to give amazing insight into the type of person that Patrick was, and was able to show me what he was like when no one was watching. It talked about his positive manner of interacting with people in need of a helping hand and a kind voice, and how he was able to relate to people from a variety of backgrounds. The letter also talked about his humor, his maturity (or at times a lack of it!), and it gave me a sense of the real person. This is the type of letter that colleges desire. So find the people that know you best, and have them share information and insights into who you truly are, warts and all. Go Dawgs!

Csr And Its Impact On Human Rights, Labor Standards, And...

Ignorance of the CRS is no longer a suitable approach to continue as an active business in the industry. Previously, only the tip of the iceberg of the CSR had been noticed by the business. But for now, it is about thinking outside the box. It is about including other non-business aspects of one’s business. According to an article published in Times Magazine in 2012 that has the title of† Why Companies Can No Longer Afford to Ignore Their Social Responsibilities†: â€Å"More than 8,000 businesses around the world have signed the UN Global Compact pledging to show good global citizenship in the areas of human rights, labor standards and environmental protection.† Businesses start to believe that CSR is the path to long-term achievement. CSR is†¦show more content†¦As claimed by Travis Kalanick, CEO of Uber, in Business Insider which is a fast growing business site, at first the goal of Uber was providing cost-effective tool for transportation that make people easier for people to live without. Now, the goal is to completely abandon the demand of cars. It is a more sophisticated goal aiming for global changes in the communities and the environment as well. In any system, there are spoken and unspoken rules. According to Wardle, Rules affect how people use the tools they have to ensure the stability of the system against possible conflict. Targeting global changes is one of the CSR unspoken rules. It is a rule that states that business must go beyond the typical business borders that only bring limited number of goals. CSR is all about acting locally and aiming globally. The Simplicity of the text helped to communicate the main ideas of CSR. The text is a textual one with few graphical attractions. Presenting a text in a textual manner help to stress on its features of it rather than being overwhelmed by the vectors and graphs. CSR is a. The circle shape is simple but has a significant meaning. It shows that all three parts are interrelated and parts one large society. Since all parts share the same an equal amount of space, it demonstrates that each part has the same value to the CSR. The first glance at the text gives an impression that it is

Powerhouse Gym Marketing Plan Essay - 632 Words

Powerhouse Gym Marketing Plan 3.5 Marketing Mix Strategies 3.5.1 Product Strategy Powerhouse Gym product strategy should be to attract and retain business. The main goal should be to promote a positive atmosphere and unforgettable experience that helps their clients lead a healthy lifestyle. By offering exceptional product coupled with pleasing experience to promote repeat business. By separating its experience from other gyms will give Powerhouse Gym the edge from their competitors. One of the ways to separate themselves would be product offerings such as providing state of the arts exercise equipment, professional trainers leading exercise classes, and personal training helping with nutrition advice. By offering these†¦show more content†¦Potential Products are additional amenities like basketball court, lap pool, etc. 3.5.2 Price Strategy a. PGs Pricing Objective Ââ€" Maximum market share b. Demand Ââ€"Generate enough membership to cover the $110K expenses (at least). c. Costs Ââ€" Operating Expenses of $110,000 per month d. Competition price and offerings analysis Ââ€" For month to month membership pricing, price ranges between $29.95 (LA Fitness) to $49.95 (Lifetime Fitness) with differing enrollment rates. PGs no money down rate of $39.95 is lower than all current competitors except LA Fitness. PGs $32.95 / $75 enrollment is lower than all except LA Fitness, which has higher enrollment fee of $99, and PGs $26.95 / $125 enrollment is the lowest monthly rate. For membership contract plans, PGs one year prepaid rate equates to $32.95 per month, which is lower than both Ballys ($39.95) and Curves ($39.95), and does not have the high enrollment fees associated. e. Pricing Method Ââ€" Going rate pricing f. Final Price Ââ€" Maintain price at current level since it is priced competitively with the month to month competitors and lower than the contract competitors, while having little to no enrollment fees while offering extra services free of charge, like child care and towel service. 3.5.3 Promotion Strategy a. Promotion Strategy Ââ€" Micro-marketing to penetrate target market within 5-mileShow MoreRelatedManaging Strategic Plan For A Success Of Any Small Or Big Organization1212 Words   |  5 PagesConceptualizing in Business A well thought of strategic plan not only plays a big role in a success of any small or big organization, it is also imperative for its growth. In any effective strategic plan starts with a well-considered and mission statement, vision, and value. These three categories are beneficial to its shareholders, employees, and its customers. 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Neonatal Nurse Free Essays

Job Outlook of a Neonatal Nurse Modern-day fertility treatments have made the dream of parenthood come true for thousands of people. Each year, more advancements are made in this field, and as fertility treatments become safer and more available they are also becoming more common. However, with the advent of fertility medicine has come a sharp rise in multiple and premature births, sending more newborns to the NICU. We will write a custom essay sample on Neonatal Nurse or any similar topic only for you Order Now All nurses count patient care among their most important responsibilities, but an ill or premature newborn needs round-the-clock monitoring and care. In addition to the high-pressure environment of the NICU, neonatal nurses also are tasked with helping the families of the babies in their care understand what is happening. Taking responsibility for these tiniest of lives requires an immense amount of diligence and strength. Before setting out on such a daunting career path, many potential neonatal nurses want to know: What is the job outlook of a neonatal nurse? And what is a typical neonatal nurse salary like? The rise in newborns needing extra neonatal care has resulted in a corresponding upswing in the job outlook of a neonatal nurse. In the last 20 years the number of hospitals with NICUs has grown along with the demand for their services. As with most nursing positions, demand is expected to continue to increase in the years to come. The job outlook for a neonatal nurse is bright – there is a very good chance that neonatal nurses will continue to be in demand. Neonatal Nurse Salary A neonatal nurse salary is affected first and foremost by the kind of nurse involved. The median Neonatal Nurse Salary by Job Title chart shows that nurse managers and nurse practitioners earn a much higher neonatal nurse salary than many other positions. Indeed, a large percentage of a NICU’s staff will be neonatal nurse practitioners. For a neonatal nurse, yearly salary is also tied to years of experience. Researching a Neonatal Nurse Salary by Years of Experience, we can see that for a neonatal nurse, salary increases by over $20,000 over 20 years of experience. Many smaller or more rural hospitals may not have a NICU, which may be why comparing Neonatal Related essay: â€Å"Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 B† Nurse Salary by Number of Hospital Beds tends to show higher salaries for larger hospitals. Looking for a city with high neonatal nurse salaries? Check the median Neonatal Nurse Salary by City report to see which cities offer the highest salaries. Average Neonatal Nurse Yearly Salary Dr. Salary doesn’t make house calls, but he can give your salary some intensive care! Learn the difference between asking, â€Å"what is the median neonatal nurse salary† and, â€Å"what is the average neonatal nurse yearly salary† in the Ask Dr. Salary article, â€Å"Why is Median Better than Mean for a Typical Salary? â€Å" How to cite Neonatal Nurse, Essay examples

Judicial Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Judicial Decision Making. Answer: Introduction: The life of law keepers especially the lawyers and judges face ethical turmoil at every stage. The lawyers and judges have to make their decisions almost every time under pressure comprehending the right and wrong of a particular situation. It is important to mention that even though the judges and lawyers apparently seem to work in the independent environment but they are driven by different aspects relevant to law. In their decisions making at times they are right and sometimes they are wrong but in every decision they make comes out with immense involvement with the case taken up and in a very methodical ways. The Judges are seen as the lord in law as they exemplify or stand quintessential to truth and are expected to give out verdicts which support truth. As stated in different books of law and also found out in law researches the lives of judges and lawyers are spent in making ethical choices that becomes the core motto of these law keepers and hence it could be said that their life is not that easy what apparently seems to be through naked eyes. The Judges are expected to work in the true spirit and integrity of law and should not be dependent on any kind of external aspects that might question the loyalty of the judge towards keeping law. The judges are expected to work in a positive and independent manner and give out verdicts which would help to establish the truth and eliminate any kind of wrong or lies that are there in a case. It is important to mention that the position of a judge in a society is seen with reverence and are also considered as honest since they are the ultimate means of keeping truth but it has been seen a number of times that the judges or justice givers have not been able to act in a clean and transparent ways and have often acted in a cynical manner to give out verdicts which have got the potential to question their loyalty towards law and order in the society. Hence it is considered that judicial decision making is not always an impartial activity and the judicial decisions might get affected by th e working of different aspects in and outside the law. In this situation there have been cases where one has to answer his or her own queries pertaining to the fair action of the judge or the lawyers. Imagining a sequence where one has to appear in a court of law as a plaintiff or a defendant how dependent he or she could be on the judge to give the right verdict in favor of the clean and the innocent. Nowadays it has become very tough to believe the actions of thee judge as interdependence on the external factors has become very conspicuous. There are numerous cases where the culprit have been acquitted and the innocent has been sentenced and this clearly shows that the rationality of the judges are no more there for the subject of law or may be the judges nowadays think of giving away verdicts or coming to their preferred conclusion with the help of different methods. There has been number of cases even researches which has shown the thought process that one judge prefers to take in order to understand a particular case or to make the right decisions but with the time passing by it could be said that the level of intelligence of the judges in order to make judicial decisions have become confined into specific genre of law. They could no more act wise in the scene since they have got gamut of options available at their disposal in order to give a verdict on a particular case. The aspect of international judicial ethics is an essential subject in law nowadays which helps to understand the movement of a judge in order to act effectively in a particular case. In the recent decade or so there has been one key and undeniable question which no law keeper has been able to answer in a convincing and a comprehensive way and that is Can the judges make impartial decisions anymore? This has become one of the key questions that needs to be answered effectively In order to bring back the globally derailed judicial system right back on track. Speaking globally it could be said that in every nook and corner of the world it can be seen that judges nowadays are not able to give completely transparent verdicts and the biggest question that lies here is Why. There has been number of researches which have stated this problems but finding the answers to this question has given real hard time to the researchers. The law scholars have been heard to say that law is such a compli cate subject getting impartial decisions is next to impossible. What are needed are a clear and strong argument for and a re-examination of the meaning of the possibility of impartiality. Before we delve deep into these aspects of impartiality and other key attributes it is important to understand and know the clear meaning of Impartiality. Impartiality in law could be defined as the action from a judge where assessing all the different aspects in a case he or she is able to give the right verdict obviously in favor of the truth which will not only justify the choice of the methods used in giving the verdict but will also help to underpin the decision made with respect to law. Impartiality has been a crucial subject in law especially in the making of judicial decisions which has the power of redesigning the life of an individual or a society. Hence it is important to discuss the key question that is given above which would help to know the key reasons of why nowadays judges cannot act impartial always and tend to use different methods to reach a preferred conclusion. There are certain key aspects which play a significant role in making the judgement impartial. The concept of impartial decision making is supported by replicable decisions. It is important to mention that the judgement will be impartial only when the judge s are able to assess a particular scenario and are able to reproduce the same results and through this it could be effectively assessed. In other words the judges will have to think continuously and cannot constrict their thought process in a smaller circle. Impartial decision also means that the decision given by the judge is not in any way driven his or her desires or wish as this would be a huge moral setback for the law as the law keeper himself is not able to channelise and utilise the power vested upon him and have misused it for self interest. In the Case Ebner vs. Official Trustee in Bankruptcy (2000) 75 ALJR 277 acts as the perfect example to the above statement. In this case where Maxwell William Ebner was the plaintiff and The Official Trustee in Bankruptcy was the defendant had a legal battle in the High Court in Victoria Australia. In this case the Judge who was presiding over the case was beguiled by the huge sum of money left by his departing mother in the defendant bank. The judge intentionally gave the verdict in favor of the defendant that is The Official Trustee in Bankruptcy which was later revealed once the case was over in the court. It could be said that it was a clear impartial decision in favor of the defendant a s the money was left by the judges mother in the defendant bank and in order to safeguard his own interest the judge sentenced in favor of the defendant which was clearly impartial from the side of the judge and then the case went back to operation in the court once the true intention of the judge was revealed. Hence it could be said that impartial decision making also stands to be a clean and effectively thought decision by the judges. It could be said that there has been a change that has come with the introduction of technology in the global legal system and it cannot be denied that it has brought efficacy in the legal system but it has also affected the decision making since it has made tampering evidence and data too easy which at times confuses the judges and hence they stray in line to give the best possible verdict. Hence it could be said that judicial integrity is at stake due to the repeated cases of impartial decisions made by judges. Another similar impartial decision given by a judge had seen in disqualification in a case of Clenae Pty Ltd v ANZ Banking Group where the judge became a shareholder of the Banking group before he gave out the verdict in favor of the defendant which was ANZ Banking group. The judge had pecuniary interest in the bank and hence this made him give the verdict in favor of the defendant and it also got the judge disqualified. In the recent past there has been number of studies wh ich has focused on the action of judges, lawyers especially their movements towards giving successful and impartial results. There are number of challenges towards judges becoming independent and impartial towards decision making. These challenges mainly affect the decision making of the judges and also affect their loyalty and honesty. The necessity of impartiality has been widely found in the literature that in order to understand the psychology and behavior of the others. In this scenario it could be said that the judges and lawyers in order to understand and explain the behavior of the individuals they would prefer to use methods which will help them to come to a preferred conclusion. The job of judicial decision making is one of the complex jobs as there are number of aspects which the judges have to assess and hence it becomes complex. A case which is framed by Professor Fuller has got all the different aspects which could be discussed effectively in order to understand the actions taken up by the judges. The case of Speluncean Explorers has been considered as one of the most interesting cases framed by Prof. Fuller. Even though the case is a completely fictitious case but it has been able to highlight the considerations that judges make and also see a particular case from their own point of view even though they swear in to make the right decisions to keep the integrity of law intact. The case provides an effective platform to assess the decisions given by the judges as well as to draw a generic view of the thought process the judges. Speluncean Society is a society involved in exploring caves and team of around 32 members went on to explore a cave in the Commonwealth of Newgarth where they experienced catastrophe in the form of landslide and around 1o members of the team died and when they were waiting for their unfortunate death to come they were able to build radio connection for rescue. From the communication it was clear that at least another 10 days are required to rescue them from the cave and since they have no food their death was imminent. The group asks the rescue team doctors about their survival without food and the answer was on the negative side, they also ask that if they kill one of their fellow members and eat him whether they will be able to survive until they are rescued and this time the answer was a reluctant yes. The group decides to go for lottery and whoever loses it is going to sacrifice his life for the rest of the team and thats what happens and a man named Whetmore is cannibalised. After the rescue the Speluncean workers are prosecuted for Murder. It is said that framing of the case has been inspired by two real life cases one of which had a similar fate for the homicide. The Regina v. Dudley Stephens (1884) showed that even the conditions become extreme but the law will be the same for everyone. In this case Dudley and Stephens was accused of Cannibalism against Parker a young fellow seaman who was put to death and feasted upon by the above named accused and for this they were sentenced to death even after knowing the extreme condition that the prosecuted were suffering at sea. But in this case of Speluncean Explorers the judges made different views and different decisions considering the extreme conditions that the accused had to suffer which clearly contradicts what the rule and law has to suggest. This is where the biggest contradiction lies and it clearly highlights that judges do make impartial decisions at times when they have to see a case from their own point of view just deviating from the point of view of law. In this case five judges have been used who have given different comments as well as different decisions have been taken by them considering the case based on its merit. When the defendants appeared in front of the Jury it took the conventional route and sentenced the defendants death sentence as per the law of Commonwealth of Newgarth since the defendants were indicted for murder. Post trial the jury joined in for communication with the chief executive of Newgarth where jury requested to reduce the sentence to six months stating the situation which they had to face was unnatural and asked for clemency. This is where Truepenny CJ the Supreme Court judge gave his decision saying that only clemency from the Chief Executive could turn down the verdict made by the jury which clearly shows that the judge prefers to rely upon clemency which he feels is the best way to solve this case and does not want to question the sentence and this clearly shows his honors reluctance to face the case and rightly said by the next Judge who states the action of the Truepenny CJ as embarrassing. The impotence of Truepenny CJ was criticised by Foster J and he analysed the c ase from a much more human point of view and in order to support his statement he made a statement in order to define the position of the explorers under the cave as the State of Nature which shows the humane side of the judge even when he is not supposed to bring his personal views in the case. Foster J brings up different aspects. His Honor also States that when there is a situation which asks for killing of life to save another life the law ceases to exist and hence he gives his decision in favor of the defendants clearly stating that the conviction should be set aside. Another judge Tatting J started his analysis by clearly mentioning that judgement should be made by keeping the emotional and the intellectual form separated. Tatting J stated that Foster J was not able to keep his emotional side away from the judgement which is absolutely true from his decision as well as his statement. He gave two different options for the court of law where they should go conventionally towards the case but on the other hand he also brought up the aspect of self defence and his honor stated that he is confused with some of the aspects of the case and hence preferred to keep out of it. The fourth judge Keen J has showed his preference towards the decision of conviction and immediately terminates the element of fantasy brought in by Foster J and also says that clemency is clearly the decisions of the Chief Executive and judicial power should be separated he also wants that hard decisions are important and the convictions should be affirmed. Finally Handy J the fifth Judge has brought in the aspect of common sense theory and states that if there is anything called common sense it has to be applied here and also highly emphasises on public opinion which according to him is mostly sought after by the Law in order to establish a decision. He says that in this case there has been no visible public support in favor of the Chief Justices decision of upholding the verdict and askin g for clemency. He also informs that given the staunch views of the Chief Executive he is quite sure that CE of Newgarth will not mediate in the verdict of the court and hence the option of clemency is purged. Hence concludes his statement by saying that if the common sense approach has to be taken this was the perfect time and as per commons sense the defendants were innocent and hence conviction should be set aside. From the above arguments it is quite clear that judges have their own way of assessing situations even though they are bound by law and cannot express their own views and will have to run as per law they have been able to get the own methods to work in order to justify their decision making. Speaking generally it could be said that Judges come up with different practical arguments as well as tend to bring the element of fantasy in order to establish their stand for or against a particular aspect which clearly indicates that being impartial is a real problem in judicial decision making as seen in the case of Foster J and his argument for the defendants in Speluncean Explorer case. On the other hand the practical argument put forward by Keen J where he feels judicial exemption might call for more trouble in the future as compared to making one tough decision in the present. To conclude it could be said that judges tend to be impartial which is clearly mentioned by Tatting J in the abov e mentioned case by Prof. Fuller and hence they tend to use different methods to establish their stand and their arguments which is quite clear from the discussion presented above. Bibliography Alfini, J.J., Lubet, S., Shaman, J.M. and Geyh, C.G., 2010.Judicial Conduct and Ethics. LexisNexis. Bennett, M.W., 2010. Unraveling the Gordian Knot of Implicit Bias in Jury Selection: The Problem of Judge-Dominated Voir Dire, the Failed Promise of Batson, and Proposed Solutions.Harvard Law Policy Review,4, p.149. D'Amato, A., 1980. The Speluncean Explorers: Further Proceedings.Stanford Law Review, pp.467-485. Fller, L.L., 1964. The morality oflaw.New Hven andLondon: Yale University Press1964, bes. Kap,11. Fuller, L.L., 1969. The morality of law. new haven.CT: Yale University. Fuller, L.L., 2009. Most Controversial Judicial Decision of all Time-The Case of the Speluncean Explorers, The.Revista Forumul Judecatorilor,1, p.95. Pollock, J.M., 2014.Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice. Nelson Education. Clenae Pty Ltd v ANZ Banking Group[1999] Ebner vs. Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] 75 ALJR 277 The Regina v. Dudley Stephens [1884]

Banning Corporal Punishment in Schools

Banning Corporal Punishment in Schools What is corporal punishment? The National Association of School Nurses defines it as â€Å"the intentional infliction of physical pain as a method of changing behavior. It may include methods such as hitting, slapping, punching, kicking, pinching, shaking, use of various objects (paddles, belts, sticks, or others), or painful body postures. Still Legal in 22  States While corporal punishment such as paddling, spanking and hitting students disappeared from private schools by the 1960s, according to an article published by NPR in December 2016,  it is still permitted in public schools in 22  states, which can be broken down into 7 states that simply dont prohibit it and 15 states that expressly permit it. The following seven states still have laws on their books that do not prohibit corporal punishment: IdahoColoradoSouth DakotaKansasIndianaNew HampshireMaine The following 15 states expressly permit corporal punishment in schools: AlabamaArizonaArkansas  FloridaGeorgiaKentuckyLouisianaMississippiMissouriNorth CarolinaOklahomaSouth CarolinaTennesseeTexasWyoming What is ironic about this situation is that no accredited teachers college in the U.S. advocates the use of corporal punishment. If they dont teach the use of corporal punishment in the classroom, why is the use of it still legal? The United States is the only nation in the western world which still permits corporal punishment in its schools. Canada banned corporal punishment in 2004. No European country permits corporal punishment. So far, the United States Congress has not acted on requests from organizations such as Human Rights Watch and the American Civil Liberties Union to enact federal legislation banning corporal punishment. Since education is widely viewed as a local and state matter, any further banning of corporal punishment will probably have to occur at that level. If, on the other hand, the federal government were to withhold funding from states where corporal punishment is legal, the local authorities might be more inclined to pass the appropriate laws. Rationale for Corporal Punishment Corporal punishment in one form or another has been around schools for centuries. It certainly is not a new issue. In the Roman Family children learned by imitation and corporal punishment. Religion also plays a role in the history of disciplining children by spanking or hitting them. Many people interpret Proverbs 13:24 literally when it states: Spare the rod and spoil the child. Why Should Corporal Punishment Be Banned? Research has shown that corporal punishment in the classroom is not an effective practice, and can cause more harm than good. Research has also shown that more students of color and students with disabilities experience instances of corporal punishment more than their peers. The research shows that children who are beaten and abused are more likely to be prone to depression, low self-esteem and suicide. The simple fact that corporal punishment as a disciplinary measure is not part of any education curriculum indicates that educators at every level know that it has no place in the classroom. Discipline can and should be taught be example and non-physical consequences. Most leading professional associations oppose corporal punishment in all its forms.  Corporal punishment is not allowed in the military, mental institutions or prisons, either. I learned years ago about corporal punishment from a man who was an expert in the field. I co-founded a high school in Nassau, Bahamas in 1994. As deputy director of the school, one of the first issues I had to deal with was discipline. Dr. Elliston Rahming, the owner and director of the school, was a criminologist. He had very firm views about the subject: there would be no corporal punishment of any kind. We had to find better, more effective ways than beating to enforce discipline. In the Bahamas, beating children was, and still, is an accepted disciplinary method in the home and in the school. Our solution was to develop a Code of Discipline which basically penalized unacceptable behavior according to the severity of the infraction. Everything from dress code to drugs, weapons and sexual infractions was covered. Remediation and resolution, retraining and reprogramming were the goals. Yes, we did get to the point on two or three occasions where we actually did suspend and expel st udents. The biggest problem we faced was breaking the cycle of abuse. What Happens in Americas Private Schools? Most private schools frown on the use of corporal punishment. Most schools have found more enlightened and effective methods for dealing with disciplinary issues. Honor codes and clearly spelled out results for infractions combined with contract law give private schools an edge in dealing with discipline. Basically, if you do something seriously wrong, you will get suspended or expelled from school. You will have no recourse because you have no legal rights other than those in the contract which you signed with the school. Things Parents Can Do What can you do? Write the state education departments of the states which still permit corporal punishment. Let them know that you oppose its use. Write your legislators and urge them to make corporal punishment illegal. Blog about local incidents of corporal punishment whenever appropriate. Organizations Opposed to Corporal Punishment in Schools The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry opposes the use of corporal punishment in schools and takes issue with laws in some states legalizing such corporal punishment and protecting adults who use it from prosecution for child abuse. The American School Counselor Association: ASCA seeks the elimination of corporal punishment in schools. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that corporal punishment in schools be abolished in all states by law and that alternative forms of student behavior management be used. The National Association of Secondary School Principals believes that the practice of corporal punishment in schools should be abolished and that principals should utilize alternative forms of discipline. The National Center for the Study of Corporal Punishment and Alternatives (NCSCPA) tracks information about this subject and puts out updates. It also offers an interesting reading list and other materials. Interview With Jordan Riak Jordan Riak is the Executive Director of Project NoSpank, an organization which is dedicated to the eradication of corporal punishment in our schools. In this article, he responds to some of our questions regarding corporal punishment. How Prevalent is Corporal Punishment in Schools? With the exception of those who are directly affected, most people are unaware that in more than 20  states, teachers and school administrators have the legal right to physically batter pupils. Children are sent home with bruised buttocks daily in untold numbers. There is a downward trend in the number of paddlings annually, which is encouraging, but still a small comfort to victims. Editors note: outdated data has been removed, but recent studies have shown that more than 100,000 students were physically punished in 2013-2014.  But the true numbers are surely higher than the records show. Since the data is supplied voluntarily, and since those reporting arent especially proud of what they are admitting to, under-reporting is inevitable. Some schools decline to participate in the Office for Civil Rights survey. When I inform people of the extensive use of corporal punishment in the schools, they almost invariably react with astonishment. Those who remember the paddle from their own school days tend to assume (erroneously) that its use had long since faded into history. Those who are fortunate enough to have attended schools where corporal punishment wasnt used or who lived in the states where bans were in effect are incredulous when presented with information about its current use. The following anecdote is illustrative. I was invited to address a class of students at San Francisco State University who were preparing to become school counselors. Some in the group already had teaching experience. At the conclusion of my presentation, one of the students- a teacher- opined that surely I was misinformed about the situation in California. Corporal punishment just isnt allowed here and hasnt been for years, she flatly insisted. I knew otherwise. I asked her where she had attended school and in w hich districts she had worked. As I expected, the places she named all had district-wide policies against the use of corporal punishment. She was unaware that in neighboring communities students were being paddled legally. Paddlers dont advertise, and one cant blame her for not knowing. The use of corporal punishment by public school teachers in California became illegal on January 1, 1987. In the United States, there is a long-standing gentlemans agreement between government, the media, and the educational establishment to avoid any mention of teacher violence. Typical of such taboos, adherents not only refrain from entering forbidden territory but come to believe that no such territory exists. An indignant correspondent wrote me the following: In my twenty years as a teacher in Texas, I never saw one student paddled. Strictly speaking, he might have been telling the truth about what he hadnt seen, but its hard to believe he was unaware of what was going on all around him. Recently I heard this on the radio. An author who had written about sports heroes influence as role models on youth was just concluding an interview and was beginning to field listeners calls. One caller recounted his experience at high school where a coach routinely beat up players. He told how one student who had been victimized by the coach later encountered him in public and punched him. The show s host abruptly cut off the call, and said laughingly, Well, there you have the darker side. Sounds like a movie by____ and hastened to the next caller. Rest assured, the United States does not have a monopoly on denial in this regard. At a conference on child abuse in Sydney in 1978, when I raised a question from the floor about why none of the presenters had talked about caning in schools, the moderator replied, It seems the things you want to talk about, Mr. Riak, are not the things we want to talk about. At that same conference, where I had set up a table to distribute anti-corporal punishment literature, a member of the New South Wales education department told me this: The corporal punishment controversy that youve been stirring up here is causing more broken friendships in the department than any other issue I can remember. Caning is no longer legal in Australian schools, and hopefully, old friendships have mended. How Do You Define Corporal Punishment? There never has been, and probably never will be, a definition of corporal punishment that doesnt stir debate. The American College Dictionary, 1953 Edition, defines corporal punishment as physical injury inflicted on the body of one convicted of a crime, and including the death penalty, flogging, sentence to a term of years, etc. The California Education Code, 1990 Compact Edition, Section 49001 defines it as the willful infliction, or willfully causing the infliction of physical pain on a pupil. Proponents of corporal punishment typically define the practice in personal terms, i.e., what they experienced when they were children, and what they now do to their children. Query any spanker on what it means to corporally punish a child and you will hear autobiography. When one attempts to distinguishing corporal punishment from child abuse, the confusion deepens. Lawmakers, as a rule, duck this conundrum. When it is forced on them, they act as though they are walking on eggs as they grope for language doesnt cramp the style of child punishers. Thats why legal definitions of child abuse are models of vagueness- an heroic accomplishment for those trained in the art of exactitude- and a boon to lawyers who defend abusers. School corporal punishment in schools United States typically involves requiring the student to bend forward as far as possible thus making the protruding posterior a convenient target for the punisher. That target is then struck one or more times with a flat board called a paddle. This causes sharp upward jolts to the spinal column accompanied by bruising, soreness and discoloration of the buttocks. Since the locus of impact is close to the anus and genitals, the sexual component of the act is unarguable. Nevertheless, possible adverse effects on the developing sexuality of young victims are ignored. Furthermore, the possibility that certain punishers are using the act as a pretext for gratifying their own perverse sexual appetites is also ignored. When these risk factors are cited, corporal punishment apologists typically dismiss the suggestion with derisive laughter and retorts such as, Oh, comon, please! Gime a break! Forced exercise is one of several unacknowledged forms of corporal punishment. Though the practice is unequivocally condemned by physical education experts, it is widely used, even in states that ban corporal punishment. It is a staple of locked facilities where troubled youth are corralled ostensibly for the purpose of being reformed. Not allowing children to void bodily waste when the need arises is another form of corporal punishment. It is physically and psychologically dangerous in the extreme, but its use against schoolchildren of all ages is ubiquitous. Punitive restriction of movement also qualifies as corporal punishment. When done to incarcerated adults, it is deemed a violation of human rights. When done to schoolchildren, its called discipline. In school environments where buttocks beating is key to student management and discipline, all the myriad lesser insults to which children are prey such as ear twisting, cheek squeezing, finger jabbing, arm grabbing, slamming against the wall and general manhandling are apt to pass unchronicled and unrecognized for what they really are. Article updated by Stacy Jagodowski

Photography Essays (4782 words) - Single-lens Reflex Camera, Camera

Photography Essays (4782 words) - Single-lens Reflex Camera, Camera Photography Photography is a technique of producing permanent images on sensitized surfaces by means of the photochemical action of light or other forms of radiant energy. In today's society, photography plays important roles as an information medium, as a tool in science and technology, and as an art form, and it is also a popular hobby. It is essential at every level of business and industry, being used in advertising, documentation, photojournalism, and many other ways. Scientific research, ranging from the study of outer space to the study of the world of subatomic particles, relies heavily on photography as a tool. In the 19th century, photography was the domain of a few professionals because it required large cameras and glass photographic plates. During the first decades of the 20th century, however, with the introduction of roll film and the box camera, it came within the reach of the public as a whole. Today the industry offers amateur and professional photographers a large variety of cameras and accessories. See also Motion Picture. The Camera and Its Accessories Modern cameras operate on the basic principle of the camera obscura (see Historical Development, below). Light passing through a tiny hole, or aperture, into an otherwise lightproof box casts an image on the surface opposite the aperture. The addition of a lens sharpens the image, and film makes possible a fixed, reproducible image. The camera is the mechanism by which film can be exposed in a controlled manner. Although they differ in structural details, modern cameras consist of four basic components: body, shutter, diaphragm, and lens. Located in the body is a lightproof chamber in which film is held and exposed. Also in the body, located opposite the film and behind the lens, are the diaphragm and shutter. The lens, which is affixed to the front of the body, is actually a grouping of optical glass lenses. Housed in a metal ring or cylinder, it allows the photographer to focus an image on the film. The lens may be fixed in place or set in a movable mount. Objects located at variou s distances from the camera can be brought into sharp focus by adjusting the distance between the lens and the film. The diaphragm, a circular aperture behind the lens, operates in conjunction with the shutter to admit light into the lighttight chamber. This opening may be fixed, as in many amateur cameras, or it may be adjustable. Adjustable diaphragms are composed of overlapping strips of metal or plastic that, when spread apart, form an opening of the same diameter as the lens; when meshed together, they form a small opening behind the center of the lens. The aperture openings correspond to numerical settings, called f-stops, on the camera or the lens. The shutter, a spring-activated mechanical device, keeps light from entering the camera except during the interval of exposure. Most modern cameras have focal-plane or leaf shutters. Some older amateur cameras use a drop-blade shutter, consisting of a hinged piece that, when released, pulls across the diaphragm opening and exposes the film for about 1/30th of a second. In the leaf shutter, at the moment of exposure, a cluster of meshed blades springs apart to uncover the full lens aperture and then springs shut. The focal-plane shutter consists of a black shade with a variable-size slit across its width. When released, the shade moves quickly across the film, exposing it progressively as the slit moves. Most modern cameras also have some sort of viewing system or viewfinder to enable the photographer to see, through the lens of the camera, the scene being photographed. Single-lens reflex cameras all incorporate this design feature, and almost all general-use cameras have some form of focusing system as well as a film-advance mechanism. Camera Designs Cameras come in a variety of configurations and sizes. The first cameras, ?pinhole? cameras, had no lens. The flow of light was controlled simply by blocking the pinhole. The first camera in general use, the box camera, consists of a wooden or plastic box with a simple lens and a drop-blade shutter at one end and a holder for roll film at the other. The box camera is equipped with a simple viewfinder that shows the extent of the picture area. Some

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Business - Essay Example The web site itself can be very complex, depending on its functions, features, and more importantly, the level of security provided to customers. The worst scenario is to make the web site unnecessarily complicated that yields to undesired consequences such as incurring extra costs and making troubleshooting much more difficult. This is a consequence of not having a well-documented plan in place. A Web service is a software system planned to maintain interoperable interaction between computers over a network." Web services are Web APIs that can be accessed over a network, for instance, Internet. Web services are a collection of tools that can be used in a number of ways. RPC is a style of Web services which provides a dispersed utility call interface that is well-known to several developers. Normally, the fundamental component of RPC Web services is the WSDL operation. Web services are also used to apply a design according to Service-oriented architecture (SOA) models, in this situation the basic unit of communication is a message, instead of an operation. Representational state transfer is also a web service which effort to follow HTTP and related protocols by limiting the interface to a set of well-known, standard operations such as Get, Put, Delete. This web service uses WSDL to express SOAP messaging over HTTP, which defines the operations. Service Oriented Architecture is an architectural approach that leads all features of developing and using business processes, put together as services, all the way through their lifecycle, in addition to defining and provisioning the Information Technology infrastructure that permits different applications to exchange data and contribute in business processes loosely coupled from the operating systems and programming languages underlying those applications. SOA corresponds to an infrastructure in which functionality is

Strategic managiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic managiment - Essay Example DeBeers provides employment to more than 23000 employees worldwide and the main objective of the company is to make high quality diamonds and make a lasting contribution on the community (DeBeers, 2013h). The company has two major shareholders Anglo American with 85 percent holding and Government of the Republic of Botswana with 15 percent holding (DeBeers, 2013k). The DeBeers group of companies constitute of wholly owned subsidiaries, investment and partnerships in diamond making. The major tasks of DeBeers include exploration of diamonds and mining activities in three major diamond producing countries like Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. The company also specializes in sorting, valuation and sale of rough diamonds and the development of synthetic diamonds for major industrial applications (DeBeers, 2013e).The study will deal with the strategic analysis of DeBeers and its outcome during the tenure 2008 to 2009. The author of the study will also conduct a PESTLE analysis which wi ll highlight the impact of the external and internal forces on the business activities of De Beers. Finally, the study will also conclude with an analysis which would help in identifying the internal and external resources of the company. Analysis of Business Environment & Success factors of DeBeers The business environment analysis also helps the company in adapting a particular marketing environment and also the way it responds to certain environmental circumstances (Shaikh, 2010). The Porter’s Five Forces Model will be a significant macro environment analysis which will help in understanding the impact of the external and internal forces in a direct and indirect manner. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Diamond is regarded as one of the most precious and valuable jewellery item in UK and is also the most coveted jewellery in the world. As per a survey conducted by the Bain and Company it was analyzed that diamond was the most coveted jewellery among women in UK in the year 2008 (Bain and Company, 2011). In the same survey conducted in the year 2008 it was also observed that that at least 65 percent of the UK household owned at least one diamond jewellery in the household (Bain and Company, 2011). This reflects that in spite of recession in the UK the common people preferred investing in valuable jewellery like diamond and also regard it as a valuable gifting item. Since, diamond is one of the most valuable and requires extensive maintenance, the price of diamond is quite high and seldom there is any bargaining while purchasing the product. The bargaining power of the buyers is not very high in this industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The supplier forms an integral part in the diamond industry because they helped the diamond companies in 2008 to maintain timely delivery of the jewellery for industrial and consumer applications. The suppliers are responsible for supply of crude diamond to the warehouses for cutting purposes and also for the supply of th e polished diamond in the retail shops. The bargaining power of suppliers in this industry is high. Threat of Substitutes: Although, compared to the other jewellery items diamond is regarded as one of the most valuable items in the world jewellery items like platinum and silver cannot be replacement for diamond. However, preference is given to diamonds and the threat of substitutes was very low in the industry. Due to

The Impacts Of Social Media On Brand Marketing Marketing Essay

The Impacts Of Social Media On Brand Marketing Marketing Essay Introduction: This research will be conducted using Husqvarna as an exploratory case study. Husqvarna is the leading companies in the outdoor power product market and as the premium quality brand. They want to stand for professionalism throughout the company. Husqvarna is currently located in over 50 countries all over the world. During the last couple of years social media has grown rapidly and companies worldwide have started to use social media more frequently as a part of their marketing tool, no matter what market they represent. Even though if there is still a need for traditional marketing Husqvarna are shifting more and more from traditional marketing towards social media marketing, but all these parts are a part of their marketing mix. Husqvarna knows that their customers are out there on the net and for approximately one year ago they decided to start using social media marketing. Today they are primarily using Face book, Twitter and YouTube as their social media channels, which are a pa rt of their social media marketing. Background: Social Media is a new subject, but its background start from AOL Instant Messenger to Friendster to Google+ social media has perhaps changed more in ten years. Trend of online marketing, and specifically email marketing, is leap to happen. Internet marketing is becoming so common and included into the social media experience that its essentially becoming its own form of social media. Social media plays an important role in sharing information about products and brands. Actually I can say 60 percent of consumer researches are based on social media and learned about the specific brand or retailers through social networking sites. Problem Discussion: Social media marketing has emerged as the new way of doing marketing where the customers are no longer passive consumers as they were in the previous marketing forms, but rather here they are active participants; this is mainly due to the interaction possibilities that exist on Internet (Miller Lammas, 2010). The resources firms are investing on social media are incrementally increasing and firms are slowly shifting from a traditional way of doing marketing towards a more interactive way (Thackeray, al., 2008). When it comes to social media firms should focus more on creating long term relations with their customers and be active online, rather than on delivering messages and marketing different content (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Swedowsky (2009) mentions that if the firms manage to create strong brand awareness among their customers they will improve the likelihood of them do positive word-of-mouth promotion for the firm among their friends and family. This was the way before the st art of social media and the way has developed further (Swedowsky, 2009). GrÙ nroos (2007) mentions that Word-of-mouth promotion is the objective of social media marketing and the result of a successfully maintained relationship between the firm and their customers. Positive word-of-mouth results in improved brand awareness among current and potential customers, with an increased likelihood of them purchasing the firms products (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Carlsson (2010) mentions that the main obstacle for firms is that they cannot control word-of-mouth marketing, but rather it is the customers that have the control. Hence it is important that firms are successful in their interactions with their customers in order to keep the negative opinions to a minimum (Carlsson, 2010). If firms are successful in their social media marketing they will gain a competitive advantage over their market competitors, but firms have to be cautious due to they do not have a monopoly on the marketing tools, instead it is being shared with the customers whom has the majority of the control and can choose on their own accord where and how to reach out to the firm (Qualman, 2010). Carlsson (2010) mentions that there is a difference between what the firms tell their customers and what other people Are saying about the firm, therefore people usually tend to trust what is recommended by their friends and not the marketers. Swedowsky (2009) mentions that no matter how and why the firms tend to approach the customers to buy their products the purchasing decision has always been distinctive, mainly due to it is a social endeavor. Therefore is it necessary that retailers get involved and pay attention because people tend before making a purchase to consult somebody that they have trust in, mainly family members and friends (Swedowsky, 2009). Thus, if a firm has been successful in their interactions with their customers it can result in stronger brand awareness which has an impact on the customers willingness to purchase the firms products (GrÙ nroos, 2007). The stronger the customers brand awareness is, the more dominant will the firms brand be Because the customer will not look for other alternatives on the market, thus improving The customers loyalty to the firm (Kotler Ar mstrong, 2004). In order for a firm to gain long-term benefits from using social media they should use social media and relationship marketing concurrently due to here the customer is seen as a co-creator, compared to the old and traditional view where the customer is only a target to sell to (Miller Lamas 2010). When firms use social media they should have proper branding and customer service strategies that are needed for their overall social marketing strategy where participating in online conversation about the brand are vital for the firms success online (Williams, 2009). Hence, if firms want to be successful in their marketing activities they should listen to their customers, share information with them and build relationships in order to gain mutual trust so that they can influence their customers behavior (Miller Lamas 2010). Thus, social media facilitates the processes of interaction, relationship and value (Harridge-March Quinton, 2009). Research Objective: Objective of this research is to provide how companies can use social media as a marketing tool and branding tool in a consumer market. The result of this research will give a clear picture how companies can utilize social media in its marketing, what opportunities and challenges lies there, and tactics, tools and measurements, this study aims at offering a guideline for Companies planning marketing activities through social media. Research work will address the following main research questions: How does Social Media affect on consumers purchasing decision? What objectives, strategies and tactics can Companies use in marketing and branding through social media? What key performance indicators can Companies use in measuring the impact of marketing and branding activities through social media? How can Companies utilize social media as a marketing and branding tool in consumer marketing? Investigating the literature: I chose to do an analysis on the literature that has been conducted in the chosen field of interest. This due to I wanted to complement the previous research about how firms can use social media marketing in order to increase the brand awareness among their customers and thus have theories that can help me fulfill the purpose with our research. Besides social media marketing and brand awareness I decided to write about relationship marketing that is interrelated with social media marketing. Word-of-mouth is another phenomenon that is brought up in our theoretical investigation due to word of-mouth is the outcome of a successful managed relationship. Having a relationship based approach in firms social media activities is important because without a relationship approach the likelihood of the customer doing word-of-mouth marketing is less, compared to having a relationship based approach (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Thus I see how relationship marketing is important when firms do social media marketing and for the future outcome of the relationship which affects the word-of-mouth promotion. Another phenomenon I will bring up shortly that is relevant within this field is viral marketing that is closely interrelated to social media marketing and word-of-mouth promotion. I wanted to find out how firms should use social media marketing as a marketing tool in their daily operations and that is why we found these different areas that I mentioned above to be vital for my theoretical findings. We think that if a firm is successful to combine all these parts in their social media marketing they will be able to increase the brand awareness among their customers. I will mention these different concepts more in the theoretical parts, but this was a short introduction why I chose to bring them up in my theoretical findings. Brand awareness: Aaker (1991) mention that when customers recognize a brand in a specific product category and the brand is characterized by the customers attitudes that they are familiar with it is called brand awareness. Aaker (1991) further explains that brand awareness has three different levels: Brand recognition, brand recall and top-of-mind. Brand awareness is unique due to it something that the firm creates and promotes in form of marketing messages, but it is the customers brand recognition that is the objective of the firms marketing activities. Without brand recognition it would be difficult for the firm to create awareness and good perception of their brand among its customers. Brand awareness gets its full use when the firms brand is being shown in different social communities in order to be able to attract a large number customers to the firm (Aaker, 1991). According to Aaker (1996) the purpose of brand awareness is to create and improve the presence of the brand in the customers memory . The stronger presence the brand has in the customers memory the stronger brand awareness will the customer have and the firm can through different marketing activities like for instance repetitive advertising and active advertisement reach the mind of the customers (Aaker, 1996). Relationship marketing In 1994 GrÙ nroos defined the purpose of relationship marketing as: Identify and establish, maintain and enhance and, when necessary, terminate relationships with customers at a profit so that the objectives of all parties involved are met; and this is done by mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (GrÙ nroos, 1994, p. 275). HÙ†¡kansson and Snehota (1995) discussed that a relationships creates something priceless that neither the firm nor the customer can buy nor develop alone and the result of the creation cannot be easily copied. HÙ†¡kansson and Johansson (2001) further described that a relationship is built on collecting and sharing knowledge between the two parties involved that cooperate with each other by making the most in order employ the knowledge they share between them and in that way make a satisfying exchange that both parties are content with. The more the two parties involved have a mutual relationship and share their information to each other, the more valuable does the information get, leading to companies working harder to fulfill the other partys needs (Palmatier 2006). The firm should have a long-term relationship approach towards the customer , thinking long-term in order to create a dialogue with the customer that both parties will benefit from and not only look for a share of the customers wallet, but also a share of his heart and mind (GrÙ nroos, 2007, p. 321). Lifetime value of a customer relationship In 2006 Ford, Gadde, HÙ†¡kansson and Snehota explained that a relationship has value for both the firm and the customer in two different ways; a current and a potential value. The current value is obtained when the firm and customer have interacted for a while and learned about each other, which facilitates the future interaction between them. The information that is shared through interaction will lead to a more effective implementation of the problem that is discussed. The interaction can lead to creating and adapting new solutions which can improve the relationship so that future problems will be reduced and future, potential value will evolve (Ford, et al., 2006). Word-of-mouth Kirby and Marsden (2006) explain that through the years traditional marketing has become less effective and it has become more difficult for firms to reach the customers, therefore the concept of word-of-mouth has been an important role in attracting attention to the firm and its products and services in a natural way. Kirby and Marsden (2006) further mention that word-of-mouth is a non-commercial concept that has a commercial purpose, where the impact of consumers themselves spreading the information is higher and more reliable than if the firms would intentionally do it because here it is the customer themselves that recommend a company to someone else.Word-of-mouth is the collective name for the marketing that is designed in a noncommercial way to make the customers to start spreading information about the firm (Kirby Marsden, 2006). Social media marketing Drury (2007) describes social media as an online resource that people use to share different types of contents, for instance photos, videos, text, images, opinion, gossip, humor and ideas by using resources in form of blogs, social networks, wikis and others. As a user, social media marketing is based to give the opportunity to connect with friends and through linking sites, share their experiences. One may believe that it is just about giving and receiving a message, but that is not the case due to interactions within social media is about receiving and exchanging perceptions and ideas (Drury, 2007). Drury (2007) further explains that traditional marketing via television and newspapers is about delivering a message to the audience, whereas social media marketing is about building a conversation and relationship with the audience. Traditional marketing is a passive way of marketing compared to the fast and interactive social media marketing (Xiao, 2008). Social media marketing is a t wo-way process that engages an audience and a brand, and marketing has developed from one dimensional to a two-way process (Eely Tilley, 2009). Summary of the theoretical framework In the society usage of technology is high and firms offer their customers similar products to similar prices, thus having a relationship approach is crucial when firms do their social media marketing due to it offers something unique that no firm can buy; a relationship (HÙ†¡kansson Snehota, 1995). Having strong brand awareness among a firms customers will improve the relationship and improve the possibility of customer becoming brand advocates and doing free marketing for the firm in form of word-of mouth promotion (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Here the current customers can reach new customers that perhaps could not be reached by the firm or where the customers would ignore the firms initiatives due to they do not like to be forced into something and therefore prefer the word-of-mouth marketing which is a more unintentional and natural way of doing marketing (Kirby Marsden, 2006). By having current customers promoting the firms products and services they do not only attract new customer, but they also improve the firms relationship with current customers (Swedowsky, 2009) Improved brand awareness among the firms customers will result in a better relationship between the customers and the firm, thus improving the loyalty of the customer and also increasing the likelihood that the customer will continue purchasing the firms products and services (Anderson, et al., 2009). Having customers doing free word-of-mouth promotion for the firm is not only an objective with successful marketing, it is the outcome of a successful relationship and therefore relationship marketing and social media marketing are interrelated (GrÙ nroos, 2007). When we did the analysis of the literature we saw that social media and relationship marketing were interrelated due to both have interactions as an initial and essential part of their strategy to create or improve the relationship with the other party (GrÙ nroos, 2007). GrÙ nroos (2007) further mentions th at other aspects they have in common are that both have an increased customer loyalty and word-of-mouth as objectives. Hence we wanted to investigate more on this specific portion and see how it is related to brand awareness among a firms customers. A firm must cherish their customers brand awareness and continuously improve in order to be successful in their marketing (Anderson, et al., 2009). This improvement can be done by using different types of marketing activities, for instance use social media marketing and relationship marketing in conjunction to improve the customers brand awareness by having continuous interactions with their customers (GrÙ nroos, 2007). As the interaction becomes more regular it will become a dialogue where the firm is listening to the customers thoughts and feedback. If the customer is satisfied with the dialogue and the relationship it will result in the customer doing free word-of-mouth marketing to his friends and family (GrÙ nroos, 200 7). This can result in reduced marketing costs for the firm and in an increased possibility of the firm attaining new customers and thus generating higher revenues and improving the firms profitability (Ford, et al., 2006). With this in mind we saw that word-of-mouth is a powerful tool, but with a huge drawback from a firm point of view due to it cannot be controlled by them (Mangold Faulds, 2009). On the other hand a bad relationship where the customer is not satisfied with the interaction with the firm and the actions that the firm has made can result in the customer doing bad word-of-mouth promotion for the firm among his friends and family (Carlsson, 2010). Thus we see how important it is to cherish the relationship with the customer by using different marketing tools in order to strengthen the customers brand awareness, especially since the outcome of the relationship is either stronger or worse brand awareness, respectively good or bad word-of-mouth promotion from the customer (Gunawardena, et al., 2009) This shows how careful firms have to be in their marketing activities and take the relationship perspective due to having a satisfied customer will improve the likelihood of the customer doing good word-of-mouth promotion for the firm, and likewise having a dissatisfied customer will more likely do bad word-of-mouth against the firm (Carlsson, 2010). We have summarized th e theory in the figure below (figure 2.7), which we have illustrated on our own. Here we have tried to show the interrelation between the theories. Figure 2.7 show that if a firm wants to create strong brand awareness among their customers they have to use different marketing tools which we have mentioned throughout our theoretical part. There are marketing tools that the firm can control in form of social media, relationship and viral marketing that is initiated by the firm, and if the firm uses their marketing tools in the right way it will result in a stronger brand awareness among their customers (Aaker, 1991). This in turn will improve the likelihood of the customer promoting the firm and its products and services to new and current customers free of charge in form of word-of-mouth (GrÙ nroos, 2007). Word-of mouth promotion is the outcome of a successful relationship and strong brand awareness (Gunawardena, et al., 2009).

Cola Wars Bottling vs Concentrate Essay

Compare the economics of the concentrate business to that of the bottling business: Why is the profitability so different? The returns received by concentrate producers differ from those received by bottlers for several reasons †¦ Concentrate producers: Capital investment. Concentrate production business is less capital intensive than bottling. It requires less funds to be invested in machinery, labor and modernization. â€Å"A typical concentrate manufacturing plant cost about $25 million to $50 million to build, and one plant could serve the entire United States† (Yoffie, 2007). The number of significant costs is small. The major ones are: advertising, Market Research and product development. However, concentrate producers tended to employ large number of people to work with bottlers and their suppliers to ensure quality control and efficiency of production as well as reliable supply of raw materials (e.g. cans) and low prices (Yoffie, 2007). Franchising. The concentrate producers work using the principle of franchising. It means that bottlers pay them in order to become part of the bottling network and are granted â€Å"the sales operation in an exclusive geographic territory†¦(Yoffie, 2007)† Concentrate price. Coca-Cola was able to determine its concentrate prices since 1987 when the Master Bottling Contract was established. Pepsi’s Master Bottling contract was a bit different to Coke’s as it obliged bottlers â€Å"to purchase raw materials from Pepsi at prices, and on terms and conditions, determined by Pepsi†. They based the price of the concentrate on CPI and negotiated it with bottlers. â€Å"From the 1980s to the early 2000s, concentrate makers regularly raised concentrate prices, even as inflation-adjusted retail prices for CSD products trended downward†, – another reason for greater returns in concentrate production business. As brand promotion was very strong and formula was always kept a secret the whole thing with concentrate was kind of exclusive, so it greatly added towards the price of the concentrate itself and, as the result, towards the returns of concentrate producers (Yoffie, 2007). Raw materials. Concentrate producers required fewer r aw materials and their major spending were on caramel coloring, citric acid, caffeine and natural flavorings. Bottlers, on the other hand, required large number of production materials. Their major inputs were: packaging (e.g. cans, glass bottles etc.), as well as sweeteners (e.g. aspartame). This process helped concentrate makers reduce the outflow of money which increased their profitability (Yoffie, 2007). Bottlers: Dependency. Bottlers were always very dependent on concentrate producers as they were obliged to buy raw materials from them (Pepsi Master Bottling Agreement). They were also very dependent on suppliers of packaging, flavours and sweeteners. As the price of the concentrate rose, bottlers could not react in the same way and increased the price of the final product as they were being squeezed by other suppliers of different beverages. These factors contributed to lower returns in bottling business. Bottling is a much more capital intensive industry than concentrate production. It requires huge investment and on-going improvement and modernization of bottling lines. Large bottling plant with â€Å"a capacity of 40 million cases, could range as high as $75 million† (Yoffie, 2007). High competition. The number of bottlers is much greater than the number of concentrate producers, so the competition took place between them was fierce. There were approximately 2000 bottlers in 1970s a nd the figure dropped to less than 300 by 2004. Ongoing modernization and increasing capacity was required from bottlers (which were often small and family-owned) and not all of them could meet those requirements, so their number dropped. High competition ensures that returns are really low, only enough to survive Investments. Besides investments in modernization, bottlers bought trucks for transporting and established the distribution channels. It all required some investments as well. â€Å"Bottlers’ gross profits routinely exceeded 40%, but operating margins were usually in the 7% to 9% range (Comparative Costs of a Typical U.S. Concentrate Bottler and Producer). Stability. The returns received by bottlers are less than returns received by concentrate producers due to the risk levels as well. The concentrate producers are responsible for brand promotion and invest heavily in trademark to stimulate sales. High returns are what they get as the result. However, bottlers have little risk in their operations as they are given the famous name well-known all over the world. This development provides them with stable returns, and low risk. How has the competition between Coke and Pepsi affected the industry’s profit? The competition between Coke and Pepsi reached its peak to become a real war battle by the year 1980. This war had affected the industry profit for both concentrate producers and bottlers, while the effect of bottlers was much higher. After the successful â€Å"Pepsi Challenge† (blind taste tests: sales shot up) in 1974, Coke countered with rebates, retail price cuts and significant concentrate price increases. Pepsi followed of a 15% price increase of its own. During the early 1990’s bottlers of Coke and Pepsi employed low price strategies in the supermarket channel in order to compete with store brands. The concentrate producers were always able to increase their profits by increasing the concentrate price, while the bottlers, especially the small-sized, had to suffer from the war dramatically by decreasing their profits. This had a negative effect on the profitability of the bottlers (Operating income in 2009: concentrate producers 32%, bottlers 8%). During t his period net profit for bottlers was in the low single digits. The war forced bottlers to increase their advertising and packaging proliferation, giving discounts for shelf space and spending high capital on new products. Pepsi and Coke were however able to maintain the profitability through sustained growth, for example the successful launch of Diet Coke by Coca Cola or the entry of Pepsi into the food business, which both contributed powerful to the companies and as a result to the industry’s profit.

Comparative Analysis of the Movie Essay

The movies have good story lines and scripts. Since both the movies were music and dance based, the music of the movies has been very good. Fish Tank Nowhere Boy Year of Release 2009 2010 Genre and Theme Drama Drama Storyline brief/ Narrative Based on the life of the girl who likes to go for the street dancing. Based on the life of the boy who was living with aunt and wanted to be a guitarist. Characters Leading character of the movie is the 21st century girl but she lives alone and just practices her street dance. Leading character of the movie is the boy of 21st century too but wanted to learn playing guitar and want to forget everything of his past. Locations (Shown and Shot) Mardyke Estate in Havering Liverpool and at Ealing Studios in West London Costume: Dressing Designer Culture represented Usually in the denim and T-shirt, boxers, track suits, hip-hop or street dance costumes. Jane Petrie Present culture Sophisticated dressing as per the role requirement of a guitarist and usually in proper uniform like school uniform or formal school uniform. Juliar Day Present culture. Settings of the movie This was the art movie and based on dance. The girl lived with mother and sister. This movie was also the art movie but based on instrument playing. Single family of Aunt and John was the main setting. Attitude of leading characters towards the world In this movie, Mia lives isolated from the world and she only do practice of her street dancing in her house. John live with his aunt and enjoy the social culture like going out on trips, parties etc with friends. Mode of enjoyment of the leading characters Mia only likes to dance so she enjoys that. Johnson likes to play guitar and he only like to do that. Similarity The movie was based on an art form, teenager or youth oriented. The characters wanted to learn particular dance form. She saw a street dancer which become source of inspiration This movie was also based on art teenager or youth oriented. The character wanted to learn particular music. He attended a show which became his source of inspiration for learning and playing Guitar. Difference The movie is female oriented, where the comparatively new dance form of Street dancing has been focused. In this movie, the leading character wanted to learn guitar and enjoyed playing Guitar the most and was excellent with that. His passion for Guitar has made him practice as much as he could perform much beyond his age like professionals. Conclusion In both the movies, the main aspect was to show the life of the teenage girl and a boy that how the society deals with. In Fish Tank, Mia was the girl who got admired by the street dancers who were performing and in Nowhere Boy also, John got admired from the guitarist who can be able to play much better than the band. And in both the movies, director had shown clearly that the future is influenced by the past. So Mia got tensed in the movie Fish Tank as she heard that Connor had left them and in Nowhere Boy, John was also got irritated due to his past. These movies was generally built for the young generation people as they already have pressure of studies and their hobbies and what they want to be in their life. Society also provide pressure to them which result in making pressure in the mind of the child and due to this many children left studying and they got distracted from their hobbies too. Reference British Film Industry available at http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2003/british_film_industry/default. stm Curran and Porter, 1993 British Cinema History, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson 9-23 Murphy, R. ed. , 2009 The British Cinema Book, London: BFI, 1-64, 65-142 Fish Tank official website http://www. michaelfassbender. org/episodesfte. html http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/hr/film-reviews/fish-tank-film-review-1003973214. story Image Fish Tank from http://www. movieroar. com/images/fish-tankpster1. jpg Nowhere Boy Movie Review http://www. futuremovies. co. uk/review. asp? ID=1110 No Where Boy movie details available at http://www. nowhereboy. co. uk/ http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/hr/film-reviews/nowhere-boy-film-review-1004031851. story.